作者： admin

　　Recently, the Ministry of Education and other six departments jointly issued the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools. The head of the Department of Vocational Education and Adult Education of the Ministry of Education answered the reporter’s questions on relevant issues.

　　First, please introduce the background and significance of the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools. What is the connection between it and the Opinions on Deepening the Integration of Industry and Education issued by the State Council?

　　The integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation is the basic mode of running vocational education, the inherent requirement of cultivating high-quality workers and technical and skilled personnel, and the key to running vocational education well. In 2014, the State Council’s "Decision on Accelerating the Development of Modern Vocational Education" proposed to study and formulate relevant regulations and incentive policies to promote school-enterprise cooperation in running schools. In 2016, the Central Deep Reform Group requested that policy documents on the promotion of school-enterprise cooperation be issued as soon as possible. Therefore, on the basis of communication with the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council, we issued the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools in the form of joint issuance by multiple departments.

　　After the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, together with relevant departments, according to the requirements of "deepening the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation" put forward in the report of the 19th National Congress, we revised the draft of the Measures, and agreed with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the State Administration of Taxation, which was jointly issued on February 5, 2018 and officially implemented on March 1.

　　The Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools establishes the basic institutional framework of school-enterprise cooperation by clarifying the objectives, principles, implementation subjects, forms of cooperation, promotion measures and supervision and inspection of school-enterprise cooperation in vocational schools, which is of great significance for implementing the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era and the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, responding to the calls of the front and society for many years, deepening the integration of production and education, school-enterprise cooperation, and striving to run vocational education in the new era.

　　Previously, at the end of 2017, the State Council issued the "Several Opinions on Deepening the Integration of Industry and Education", which included 30 policies in seven aspects. This is a concrete measure for the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Education and other departments to jointly deepen the integration of industry and education. The Opinions pay more attention to the integration of production and education, and the Measures pay more attention to school-enterprise cooperation. Together, the two documents form a policy of "combination boxing" to implement the spirit of the 19th Party Congress in the field of vocational education and lead the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation to a deeper level.

　　Second, please introduce the main policy innovations of the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools.

　　The Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools includes five chapters, including general principles, forms of cooperation, promotion measures, supervision and inspection, and supplementary provisions, with 34 articles in total, highlighting three key words: promotion, standardization and guarantee, with six main policy innovations:

　　First, it is clear that school-enterprise cooperation refers to the cooperative activities implemented by secondary and higher vocational schools and enterprises in the process of implementing vocational education through joint education, cooperative research, co-construction of institutions and sharing of resources.

　　Second, it is proposed to establish a cooperation mechanism of school-enterprise leading, government promoting, industry guidance and school-enterprise dual-subject implementation. It stipulates the organizational form, subject qualification, cooperation form, rights and responsibilities of all parties, agreement content and process management of school-enterprise cooperation.

　　Third, it is clear that vocational schools and enterprises can carry out seven forms of cooperation in terms of talent training, technological innovation, employment and entrepreneurship, social services, cultural heritage and so on.

　　Fourth, the responsibilities of the state in promoting cross-regional school-enterprise cooperation, the responsibilities of local governments and specific policies in education, finance and taxation, employment and distribution are clarified.

　　Fifth, specific measures are put forward, such as cooperation between government and social capital, purchasing services, implementing fiscal and taxation land, vocational education groups, supporting pilot enterprises with integrated production and education, promoting the two-way flow of teachers and enterprise personnel, protecting students’ rights and interests, and building a service system.

　　Sixth, it stipulates the supervision and inspection responsibilities of education and related departments and the punishment mechanism for illegal acts, and stipulates the operation mechanism and division of powers of school-enterprise cooperation management at all levels of national, local and industrial enterprises.

　　3. Can you introduce the basic situation and main characteristics of the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation in the field of vocational education at present?

　　As the administrative department of overall planning, comprehensive coordination and macro-management of vocational education, the Ministry of Education has always attached great importance to deepening the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation, and actively guided industry enterprises to participate in vocational education together with other departments, which has achieved remarkable results.

　　First, under the leadership of the State Council, he did the preliminary research work of Several Opinions on Deepening the Integration of Industry and Education, and jointly formulated the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools and other documents with relevant departments to improve the top-level design and promote the cooperative education and win-win development of vocational schools and industrial enterprises. Some places have also actively explored the new mechanism of school-enterprise cooperation and established relevant rules and regulations to promote the integration of production and education in vocational education. For example, Ningbo and other places have issued documents to promote school-enterprise cooperation.

　　Second, 56 industry steering committees have been adjusted and reorganized, covering all sectors of the national economy, forming a powerful carrier for industry to guide the development of vocational education. National teaching standards for vocational education have been issued, including professional catalogues, professional teaching standards, public basic curriculum standards, internship standards, teaching equipment and equipment specifications, etc. Together with other standards, a relatively complete national vocational education standard system has been formed, laying a foundation for managing education according to law and standardizing running schools.

　　The third is to improve the industry guidance ability. Actively carry out dialogue activities between industry and education, which have been held more than 70 times since 2010, deepening the docking and cooperation between industry and education. Promote and unite machinery, non-ferrous metals, supply and marketing, water conservancy and other industries to formulate special policies in different categories.

　　The fourth is to promote the joint implementation of education and teaching reform between schools and enterprises, jointly formulate training plans, jointly develop curriculum materials, share teachers’ resources, jointly build training bases, and share students’ employment.

　　The fifth is to enrich the forms of school-enterprise cooperation. More than 1,400 vocational education groups have been established nationwide, covering 90% of higher vocational schools and 70% of secondary vocational schools, attracting about 30,000 enterprises to participate. Guided the establishment of cooperative organizations such as vocational education school-enterprise integration alliance, and comprehensively launched the implementation of modern apprenticeship pilot. At the same time, the National Vocational College Skills Competition is held every year, and all events are designed by industry organizations, and enterprises fully participate in the implementation.

　　In the coming period, we will continue to implement the Decision of the State Council in 2014, and further give play to the role of industry enterprises and jointly promote the development of vocational education in accordance with the relevant requirements put forward by the Opinions issued by the State Council and the Measures issued by six departments.

　　IV. What specific measures will be taken to promote the implementation of the Measures for Promoting School-enterprise Cooperation in Vocational Schools?

　　The first is to strengthen overall leadership. Under the leadership of the State Council, we will further give full play to the role of the inter-ministerial joint conference system for vocational education, actively coordinate education, economy, labor, employment and other fields, formulate supporting policies for industrial enterprises to run vocational education, encourage enterprises to organize or participate in organizing vocational education, give full play to the important role of enterprises in running schools in the implementation of vocational education, and form a policy dividend of departmental coordination, provincial coordination and industrial enterprises’ participation.

　　The second is to play a policy combination boxing. According to the "Opinions" issued by the State Council, the division of responsibilities of the departments of the "Measures" will be refined and the implementation plan will be formulated. In promoting the implementation of "Opinions" and "Measures", we should effectively solve the problems that have always existed in school-enterprise cooperation, such as low enthusiasm, low degree of participation, "one head is hot" and "two skins", solve the problems of unsmooth operation mechanism of school-enterprise cooperation, nonstandard cooperation agreement, and insignificant educational effect, stimulate the endogenous motivation of industry enterprises to participate in vocational education, lay a good "combination boxing" and gnaw down "hard bones" to form.

　　The third is to carry out a large sample pilot. It is necessary to actively implement the integration project of production and education in vocational education and the pilot project of integration of production and education, study, formulate and start the implementation of the "100 thousand" action plan of integration of production and education, and select about 10 provinces, 100 cities and 1,000 demonstration vocational schools (vocational education groups) and enterprises to carry out the pilot project of integration of production and education according to the regional development strategy and industrial layout. Refine the specific policies to promote the running of schools by enterprises in various industries, implement the Opinions and Measures and the Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Education and Medical Institutions Run by State-owned Enterprises jointly issued by six departments, including the State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, support enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises, to set up vocational schools, and expand the space for social capital to participate in vocational education. We will continue to promote the modern apprenticeship and the training of new apprentices in enterprises. Summarize the pilot work experience, deeply digest, absorb and popularize the German "dual system" and other experiences, and further consolidate and develop the work pattern of deep integration of production and education and collaborative education between schools and enterprises. Continue to guide the construction of a number of in-depth cooperation projects between schools and enterprises, focus on serving a number of "invisible champion" enterprises, and boost China’s industrial transformation and upgrading. A number of outstanding cases of vocational education groups were introduced, with emphasis on supporting the construction of a number of large-scale cross-regional vocational education groups under industry guidance.

　　The fourth is to increase publicity. Through holding a press conference, micro-media promotion and other forms, publicize the Opinions and Measures, publicize the integration of production and education, the achievements of school-enterprise cooperation and typical cases in the field of vocational education, and promote the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation to become conscious actions of all parties.

　　The fifth is to do a good job in basic work. Continue to carry out research on the integration of production and education and school-enterprise cooperation, and constantly improve the national vocational education standard system.

CCTV News:Recently, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the National Development and Reform Commission’s Work Plan on Vigorously Implementing Work-for-Relief in Key Projects to Promote Local People’s Employment and Income Increase, which put forward 12 policy measures in four aspects. Focusing on government investment projects, focusing on seven major construction areas. On the premise of ensuring the quality and safety of the project and meeting the schedule requirements, and in accordance with the principle of "all applications can be exhausted", we will fully tap the employment potential of the main project construction and ancillary temporary facilities, site service guarantee, post-construction management and protection, and promote the implementation of government-invested key projects in seven construction areas, such as transportation, water conservancy, energy, agriculture and rural areas, urban construction, ecological environment and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Relevant departments have made clear the construction tasks and employment links of key projects in various fields.

The General Office of the State Council forwarded the notice of the National Development and Reform Commission on vigorously implementing the work plan to promote local people’s employment and income increase in key projects.

Guo ban Han [2022] No.58

People’s governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, ministries and commissions and institutions directly under the State Council:

The National Development and Reform Commission’s "Work Plan on Vigorously Implementing Work-for-Relief in Key Projects to Promote Local People’s Employment and Income Increase" has been approved by the State Council and is hereby forwarded to you. Please implement it carefully.

the General Office of the State Council

July 5, 2022

(This piece is publicly released)

On vigorously implementing the work plan of replacing work with relief to promote the employment and income increase of local people in key projects

National Development and Reform Commission

Work-for-relief is an important policy to promote people’s employment nearby and increase their income and improve their labor skills. It can provide jobs for people, especially migrant workers and people out of poverty, and it is an important way to improve the income distribution system and support people to create a happy life through labor. Key projects have large investment scale, wide benefits, strong driving effect, and great employment potential to attract local people, which is an important carrier for the implementation of work-based relief. Vigorously implementing work-for-relief in key projects is not only an important measure to promote effective investment, stabilize employment and protect people’s livelihood, stimulate county consumption and stabilize the economic market, but also an effective means to promote people to share the fruits of reform and development and improve the quality of workers. We should adhere to the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, implement the new development concept completely, accurately and comprehensively, make overall plans for development and safety, promote high-quality development, further expand the scale of work-for-relief investment, and give full play to the role of work-for-relief policy. In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the following work plan is formulated to vigorously implement work-for-relief in key projects to promote local people’s employment and income.

First, the scope of implementation objects

(a) to promote the implementation of government investment in key projects. When planning and implementing key projects invested by the government, all regions and departments should properly handle the relationship between project construction and promoting local people’s employment and income increase, profoundly grasp the original intention of the policy of replacing relief with work, and fully tap the employment potential of the main project construction and ancillary temporary facilities, site service guarantee, post-construction management and protection in accordance with the principle of "all applications can be exhausted" and the needs of local people for work. On the basis of balancing the relationship between the labor contract system and the work-for-relief service in the construction industry, we should try our best to help local people to work nearby to increase their employment. Encourage non-government investment in key projects to actively adopt the way of work instead of relief to expand employment capacity.

(two) clear implementation of work-for-relief construction areas and the scope of key projects. The transportation field mainly includes high-speed railway, general-speed railway, intercity and municipal (suburban) railways, urban rail transit, expressways, highways along the border, port and shipping facilities, airports, comprehensive transportation and logistics hubs, etc. The field of water conservancy mainly includes reservoir construction, new construction and supporting transformation of large and medium-sized irrigation areas, and flood control of rivers. The energy field mainly includes electricity, oil and gas pipelines and renewable energy. Agricultural and rural areas mainly include high-standard farmland, modern agricultural industrial parks and other industrial infrastructure, rural human settlements improvement, agricultural non-point source pollution control and so on. The fields of urban construction mainly include urban renewal, urban underground utility tunnel, urban drainage and waterlogging prevention, aging renovation of urban gas pipelines, affordable housing, strengths and weaknesses of county towns, supporting infrastructure of industrial parks, urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities, and public service projects of education, health, culture, sports and tourism. The field of ecological environment mainly includes afforestation, desertification land control, degraded grassland control, comprehensive control of soil erosion and rocky desertification, protection and restoration of rivers, lakes and wetlands, accurate improvement of forest quality, and water ecological restoration. The field of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction mainly includes infrastructure recovery and reinforcement, production conditions recovery, living environment recovery and so on. The development and reform department shall, jointly with relevant departments, thoroughly study and formulate a catalogue of construction tasks and employment links that can be implemented in key projects in various fields.

Second, the key tasks

(three) the formation of the annual list of key projects for work relief. The State Council’s education, ecological environment, housing and urban-rural construction, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture and rural areas, culture and tourism, health and wellness, sports, energy, forestry and grass, rural revitalization and other relevant departments should, together with the development and reform departments, comprehensively consider the characteristics of engineering projects and the needs of local people for work, list key engineering projects that are suitable for work-based relief at the national level, and form an annual project list in different fields to guide local governments to establish local applications. All regions and departments should pay close attention to organizing the implementation of work-for-relief in key projects that will be started in 2022, focusing on construction tasks and employment links that are suitable for manual operation and labor-intensive.

(four) to mobilize local people to participate in the county-based organization. The owner units and construction units of key projects shall, according to the labor demand that can implement the work-for-relief construction tasks and employment links, make clear the requirements of jobs, quantity, time and labor skills that can be provided within the county where the project is located, and inform the relevant county-level people’s government of the employment plan. The people’s government at the county level where the project is located shall establish a labor communication and coordination mechanism with the employer and the construction unit, carry out policy propaganda and a thorough investigation of the labor situation in a timely manner, organize and mobilize the local rural labor force, the urban low-income population and the groups with employment difficulties to participate in the work, and give priority to attracting returning migrant workers, getting rid of poverty and preventing the monitoring objects from returning to poverty. Cultivate and expand labor service companies, labor cooperatives, village collective economic organizations, etc., and improve the degree of labor organization of local people. The project owner unit should supervise and guide the construction unit to do a good job in real-name system management such as contract signing, ledger registration and daily attendance of migrant workers.

(5) accurately train migrant workers. The people’s government at the county level where the project is located should co-ordinate all kinds of qualified training funds and resources, make full use of the project construction site, machinery and equipment, and take the form of "training+post" to jointly carry out labor skills training and safety production training with the construction unit. Explore and entrust secondary vocational and technical schools and technical colleges to carry out training to improve the operation skills and safety production knowledge of small and medium-sized mechanical equipment of local people. Relying on the implementation of work-for-relief special investment projects, we will carry out targeted labor skills training and safety production training to train skilled labor for key projects in advance.

(six) timely and full payment of labor remuneration. The relevant local people’s governments should urge the project construction unit to expand the employment position of "work for relief" as much as possible, reasonably determine the remuneration standard of "work for relief" and increase the scale of payment of labor remuneration as much as possible. The construction unit shall establish a unified and standardized employment roster and a ledger for payment of labor remuneration. After being signed and confirmed by the migrant workers, in principle, the labor remuneration will be paid to me through the bank card, and the ledger for payment of labor remuneration will be sent to the relevant departments at the county level for the record. Resolutely put an end to arrears, deductions, fraud and other acts in the process of payment of labor remuneration.

Third, strictly regulate management

(seven) the preliminary work of the project clearly defined the requirements of work for relief. In the feasibility study report or fund application report of key engineering projects, it is necessary to reflect the construction tasks and employment links that can implement work-for-relief in an appropriate form, and fully reflect the expected results of driving local people to increase employment and income and improve their skills in the social benefit evaluation part. The preliminary design report or construction drawing design documents should clearly define the specific construction tasks and employment links and the jobs that can be provided to the local area. Relevant departments should put forward relevant requirements for the project to absorb local people’s employment in the approval documents.

(eight) the project construction link compaction responsibility of all parties. The owner units of key engineering projects should specify the requirements for the payment of work-for-relief and labor remuneration in the process of design, bidding and tendering, and stipulate relevant responsibilities and obligations with the construction unit in the engineering service contract. The construction unit is responsible for the daily management of the workers who work for the relief at the construction site, and timely and fully pay the labor remuneration to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the workers. Supervision units should take the organization and management of work-for-work relief workers at the construction site and the payment of labor remuneration as important contents of project supervision.

(9) Strengthen the supervision of the whole chain and all fields before and after the event. Development and reform departments at all levels should, in conjunction with relevant departments and project owners, strengthen supervision and inspection of the implementation of work-for-relief for key projects around local migrant workers’ organizations, payment of labor remuneration, labor skills training and safety production training, and promptly urge rectification when problems are found. After the completion of the project, the project completion acceptance unit shall, jointly with the relevant departments, the owner unit, the construction unit and the people’s government at the county level where the project is located, evaluate the implementation of work-for-relief and take the evaluation results as an important reference for the project completion acceptance and audit final accounts.

Iv. organizational safeguard measures

(10) form a joint effort. Adhere to the overall planning of the central government, the coordination of provinces and departments, and the implementation of cities and counties. The National Development and Reform Commission should work with relevant departments to improve the coordination mechanism and make overall plans to promote the implementation of key projects. The people’s governments of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) should strengthen the organization and leadership and the allocation of work forces to ensure that the implementation of work-for-relief measures for national and provincial key projects is effective. The relevant municipal and county people’s governments should implement territorial responsibilities, strengthen communication and convergence with project owners and construction units, and do a good job in specific work such as the organization of work-for-relief workers, labor skills training and safety production training, and supervision of labor remuneration.

(eleven) increase investment. We will expand the scale of work-for-relief investment, implement a number of investment projects in the central budget for work-for-relief in the construction of supporting facilities for key projects, and increase the proportion of labor remuneration to more than 30% from the original 15%, and increase it as much as possible. Make use of the convergence of the central finance to promote rural revitalization grant funds (in the direction of work-for-relief tasks) to support the construction of qualified rural small-scale public welfare infrastructure. Local people’s governments at all levels should actively arrange special funds for work-based relief according to their own financial resources, and coordinate financial funds in related fields to increase investment in work-based relief. Encourage all kinds of financial institutions to increase financing support for the implementation of work-for-relief projects according to laws and regulations. Guide private enterprises, social organizations and other social forces to organize and implement public welfare projects by means of work instead of relief.

(12) Make a summary and evaluation. All localities and departments should strengthen the publicity and interpretation of the implementation of the work-for-relief policy in key projects, and sum up and popularize typical experiences and practices in a timely manner. The National Development and Reform Commission shall, jointly with relevant departments, establish and improve relevant work standard processes, regularly schedule the progress of work-for-relief work in key projects, and incorporate it into the comprehensive evaluation scope of the existing work-for-relief work. Relevant departments should incorporate the effectiveness of work-for-relief work in key projects in this field into the existing relevant assessment scope. Supervise and encourage places where the work is proactive and effective, and give inclined support by arranging special investment for work-for-relief and other means.

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FAW-Volkswagen began to produce Jetta cars at the end of 1991, which made Chinese people know the brand, and also opened the era of Volkswagen’s magic car in China (although Santana was produced earlier in China, its influence in China was not as good as that of the later Jetta). The old Jetta was produced in China for more than 20 years, and it became one of consumers’ favorite family cars.

However, without the establishment of FAW-Volkswagen, this model should have stopped production in July 1992 (FAW-Volkswagen allowed its production to continue for another 20 years). Moreover, many people think that FAW-Volkswagen’s Jetta King 20V should be the highest performance model in the old Jetta, but this is not the case … Lao Ye will talk about some situations of the original old Jetta in Germany.

The old Jetta is the second generation model of Volkswagen Jetta series, also known as Jetta 2, which came out in 1984. It uses the same chassis as Volkswagen Golf 2, and most parts between them are common. Jetta 2 has a pre-version and a post-version, and there are many differences in appearance between them. The bumper of the previous version of Jetta 2 was smaller, with the front door window and triangular window, the rearview mirror was in different positions, there was no scuff strip on the door, and the tire size was smaller … The whole car had a strong family car style in the late 1970s.

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In 1987, three years after listing, Volkswagen made the first small change to Jetta 2 and launched the mid-term version of Jetta 2. The mid-term version and the early version are easy to distinguish in appearance. The design of the net in the later version has changed, the triangular window of the front door window has been removed, and the rearview mirror position has moved forward, but the bumper is still as thin as the early version.

In August, 1989, Volkswagen upgraded the technology of Jetta 2 again, and the final version of Jetta 2 came out. Its lower body underwent plastic surgery, and a plastic-sprayed skirt was added (this kind of side skirt was previously only used in Jetta sport GLi) and a thicker bumper was adopted. This is the square-headed old Jetta that China fans are familiar with.

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In terms of configuration, the configuration is different for different markets. The configuration of the European version is relatively simple. In the 1980s, most family cars sold in West Germany did not have air conditioning. In order to meet the higher demand of some European consumers, ABS braking system appeared in the selection list of European Jetta in 1989. In 1990, Volkswagen introduced the "Flair" version of Jetta, in which the GL model was equipped with suede interior, central door lock, skylight, height-adjustable driver’s seat, green glass and other advanced configurations.

The United States is the largest overseas market of Jetta 2, and its competitors are stronger, and the configuration requirements of American consumers are higher. In the 1980s, many Jetta 2 sold in the United States were equipped with electric windows, electric rearview mirrors and a 3-speed automatic gearbox. The configuration level far exceeds that of FAW-Volkswagen Jetta in the 1990s.

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With regard to power, the German original Jetta 2 is very rich in configuration. When it was launched in January 1984, there were three types of gasoline power, with displacement of 1.3 liters, 1.6 liters and 1.8 liters respectively. Among them, 1.3-liter and 1.6-liter carburetor four-cylinder engines run through the whole production cycle of Jetta made in Germany (from 1984 to 1992), and the maximum power of these two engines is 54 horsepower and 75 horsepower respectively (this is the "long-standing" 1.6-liter and 75-horsepower engine used in the carburetor version of Jetta of FAW-Volkswagen in the 1990s), and the maximum power of the 1.8-liter carburetor engine is 90 horsepower.

From the end of 1984 to 1987, four 1.8-liter fuel injection gasoline engines (without catalytic converter) were added to the power configuration of Jetta. The maximum power of these four engines was 90 HP, 112 HP, 112 HP and 139 HP, and the 139-horsepower 1.8-liter 16-valve engine was equipped on the top-mounted Jetta GT 16V. In order to meet the emission requirements, Volkswagen has also introduced 1.3-liter, 1.6-liter and 1.8-liter gasoline engines with catalytic converters, and the power level is lower than that of engines without catalytic converters.

From 1986 to 1991, Jetta used the catalytic converter with the movement model GT/GLI/GTX 16V, and its power was a 1.8-liter 129-horsepower fuel injection engine. In 1990, when the installation process of FAW-Volkswagen production line reached the final stage, the American version of the old Jetta ushered in its last new power; The 2.0-liter 16-valve EFI engine, with a maximum power performance of 136 horsepower, was first-class at that time. It became the power of Jetta GTX and GLI 16V. No matter the initial version of 1.8 16V or the later version of 2.0 16V, their performance exceeds that of FAW-Volkswagen Jetta King 1.6 20V, which was produced in 1997. In addition to the gasoline engine, Volkswagen also provided Jetta with four diesel power options, three of which are turbocharged diesel engines.

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From its appearance in 1984 to 1992, Jetta’s main market was outside Europe, among which the American market was the most important. In the late 1980s, it was Volkswagen’s biggest selling model in the United States. However, compared with Japanese cars in the same period, it is at a disadvantage in technical content and comprehensive quality, and it is only a family car with limited influence in the European and American family car market. Originally, the old Jetta had to withdraw from the market in obscurity, but it ushered in its first spring in China. (There are still many shortcomings in this article, and fans are welcome to add them.)

(Article source: Ye Hong 2011)