Recently, the results of the fourth Peking University "Yanyuan Cup" middle school students’ historical writing competition were announced, and Liuyang Xinhan High School student Mao Ziguan was on the list.
He is the only student in Hunan Province who won the national special prize.
After several rounds of review, cross-grading, and online interviews without leading groups, the hair was crowned.
The article "Thousands of Trees Bloom in the East Wind at Night-A Review of the Development of Liuyang Fireworks" stands out from 3000 students in China.
Mao Ziguan, who likes reading literature and history books, loves to study, think and express, has a passion for history.
Speaking of why he wrote Liuyang Fireworks, Mao Ziguan said that Liuyang Fireworks is the pride of his hometown, and his father is also a fireworks worker. He has been fascinated by the fireworks culture since he was a child, and he wants to use the opportunity of Peking University’s "Yanyuan Cup" to show you the other side of Liuyang Fireworks.
Mao Ziguan said that the academic task of senior two is also very heavy. The writing of the article basically took self-study and weekends to write, and it took more than two months from conception to completion. In the early stage of writing, he spent nearly a month visiting Liuyang Library, Archives and other places. In order to verify more information, he also interviewed a number of fireworks entrepreneurs in Liuyang.
"I hope that the Liuyang fireworks industry will develop better and better, and I hope that more people will know and understand the historical course of Liuyang fireworks."
Next, the award-winning works of Mao Ziguan will be
Thousands of trees bloom in the east wind at night-a review of the development of Liuyang fireworks.
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One night’s east wind adorns a thousand trees with flowers
—— The development process of Liuyang fireworks is combed.
Maoziguan
introduction
My hometown, Liuyang City, is located at the border of Hunan and Jiangxi, and is called Liuyang because it is located in the north of Liushui (the water in the south of the mountain is Yang in the north). She is adjacent to Changsha City in the west and Tonggu County and Wanzai County in Jiangxi Province across Dawei Mountain in the east. In 1993, Liuyang was removed from the county to set up a city (county-level city), so the older generation here often called Liuyang "Liuyang County and City" when talking with people. Liuyang is not an unknown small county town. When locals go to other places and say that they are from Liuyang, outsiders will hear about it. The factor that makes Liuyang famous in China, apart from the song "Liuyang River" sung all over the country, is probably the fireworks printed with the words "Liuyang, Hunan" in the hands of ordinary people on holidays. What Liuyang people call "fireworks" is actually a general term for fireworks and firecrackers, which are crisp and provide auditory stimulation; Fireworks are dazzling and pursue visual enjoyment. Liuyang’s fireworks industry, whether firecrackers or fireworks, is a well-known and powerful local pillar industry with a long history and rich inside information, and there is a saying that "the goods in the market are only called Liuyang fireworks". [1] For most people in Liuyang, Liuyang fireworks are not only an indispensable part of daily life, but also play a powerful role in promoting Liuyang’s economic development.
Although I am from Liuyang, Liuyang is not the city that greeted my first cry. I live in Shenzhen with my parents, so my childhood memory happened in Guangdong. I only knew Liuyang was my hometown at that time, but I didn’t know where she was, her appearance, and the fireworks industry on which she relied. After returning to Liuyang, I gradually learned about Liuyang and the loud firecrackers and gorgeous fireworks that Liuyang people are proud of. Every Chinese New Year, the elders at home will buy all kinds of fireworks for us to set off. The spinning hot wheels spewing out Mars, the flying field mouse and the rocket launcher flying into the sky together constitute the most splendid picture in my childhood. When I entered the middle school stage, with the study of history, I jumped out of my mind with questions: How did Liuyang fireworks develop? Why does Liuyang’s fireworks production and sales surpass other places? What influence does the rise and fall of Liuyang fireworks industry have on Liuyang people and their lives? To this end, I visited some friends and consulted some materials, which was a brand-new experience and gave me a lot of feelings and enlightenment. Next, I sort out the information at hand and analyze and discuss the development history of Liuyang traditional and modern fireworks industry from the perspective of Liuyang locals.
chapter one
First, the legend and inheritance of Liuyang fireworks industry
"There are thousands of trees in the east wind night, and the stars are like rain."
Xin Qiji, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, described such a night scene of the fire tree and silver flower in the Shang Dynasty. Every time I read this word, I always think of the "catkin peach blossoms" that light up the villages and towns in the sky at my doorstep and the "falling sparks" that fall into the world a little bit after the annual observance.
There is also a sentence of "the night of the star bridge, the fire tree is blooming at night, and the lights are shining in the moonlight" in the poem "Jieyu Flower" by Yang Zemin, a poet in the Song Dynasty. This grand scene in Song Ci is not only a symbol of economic prosperity in Song Dynasty, but also a strong evidence of the prosperity of fireworks in Song Dynasty.
In fact, as early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, fireworks had already entered the historical stage. The earliest poem I can find about fireworks is Yang Guang’s "On the 15th day of the first month, put lanterns on the thoroughfare and build a tower at night", which includes "Falun Gong turns in the sky, and Brahman sounds in the sky. The lamp tree shines thousands of times, and the flowers bloom seven times. The "Falun", "lamp tree" and "fireworks" in the poem should refer to the early fireworks.
Fireworks were formerly firecrackers. There are many legends about the origin of firecrackers, among which the story of "Nian Beast" is the most famous. This story has no age to test, and its historical value is relatively small. In the northern part of the Hunan-Jiangxi border, the legend of Li Wan, the "founder of fireworks", is still circulating among the people, with a clear age and figures, which seems more credible.
The legend of "the founder of fireworks" goes like this: According to legend, in the Tang Dynasty, mandrill riots broke out in various places, and people were harmed by them. When the news reached the ears of Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, he was worried, so he sent a letter to seek medical treatment. Li Yi, from Dayaoshan, South Township, Liuyang, developed firecrackers, which were used to drive away spectres, intimidate wild animals and even drive away evil spirits from Taizong. Li Yi was named "the founder of firecrackers" by Taizong because of his meritorious service in rescuing the driver. Since then, with the development of local fireworks industry, Li Yi’s reputation has become louder and louder, and the people have also built his ancestral temple. With the support of local people, China Fireworks Culture Museum, the first village-run museum in China, was established in Dayao.
Legends, though interesting, cannot provide favorable historical evidence. The earliest reliable written record of Liuyang firecrackers is in the Liuyang County Records written by Kangxi in Qing Dynasty: "Later generations made a roll of paper as a tube, which was actually called a big firecracker, and the name of the giver was Chun Lei. On New Year’s Eve, there was a lot of noise. There are people in the county who compete with each other to make a bold move. " Secondly, it is found in China Industrial Records and Hunan Economic Survey Series published in the Republic of China: "The manufacture of firecrackers in Hunan Province began in the Tang Dynasty and developed at the end of the Song Dynasty" and "Hunan Whip". The production of guns first originated in Liuyang, and then with the development of the industry, the production area was gradually extended to neighboring counties. " [2]
The appearance of fireworks is vague, but its appearance time is later than firecrackers. After all, the production technology of fireworks is more difficult than firecrackers. In the fifteenth night of the first month written by Su Weidao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, there is a poem: "The fire tree and silver flowers are combined, and the star bridge is locked." There is an explanation for the description in the poem that it is fireworks. In addition, the phrase "silver flowers on a flaming tree" has become one of the commonly used idioms in Chinese, which has a certain influence on the literary creation of later generations. In the eighteenth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, there is a sentence of "I only see the court burning around the air, the fragrant snow spreading on the ground, the flaming tree blooming, and the golden window jade sill". The production of fireworks in the Tang Dynasty was relatively simple, and the main process was to put the drugs available for discharge into bamboo tubes or wooden barrels, which was then called "bamboo tube fireworks" (tube flowers) or "barrel fireworks" (barrel flowers) [3]
A long history is a favorable condition. Besides, abundant non-ferrous metal resources have also promoted the development of fireworks industry. "There are 61 kinds of proven minerals and 190 known mineral sites in Liuyang City, among which sepiolite, pyrite and phosphate rock rank among the top ten mineral resources reserves in China." [4] Relying on the abundant local natural resources, Liuyang fireworks industry can be self-sufficient in raw materials, without relying too much on external materials.
Fireworks production is a labor-intensive industry, and Liuyang has more labor resources. The population of Liuyang increased from 72,000 to 775,000 from 1391 to 1949. [5] During the 500-odd years from the 24th year of Hongwu to 1949, the population of Liuyang generally increased.
From another point of view, Liuyang is mountainous and hilly, with broken cultivated land and few plains. "(Liuyang City) landform types: mountains account for 52.85%, hills account for 25.8%, hills account for 7.87%, plains account for 12.56% and water accounts for 1.64%." [6] There are many natural disasters in Liuyang, such as the drought in the first year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1488), and the history of "people eating bark and accumulating corpses", and the flood in May in the thirteenth year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1647), "there are countless people and animals floating in the four townships, and more than a thousand bad fields are dumped". Frequent natural disasters, broken arable land and the government’s "grain abortion" policy are not conducive to the normal production and operation of agriculture. Therefore, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, when the productivity was more developed than that of the previous generation, a large number of laborers turned from agriculture to handicrafts. In the famine years, this situation is more common, and this phenomenon is also conducive to the development of fireworks industry.
Relying entirely on agriculture, farmers’ livelihood can not form a stable guarantee, coupled with disasters such as famine, resulting in a large surplus labor force in Liuyang. This phenomenon still has some influence today. With the hard work of Liuyang working people, Liuyang fireworks industry has made great progress.
In the 17th century, "Liuyang has produced a large number of firecrackers". [7] The production of fireworks flourished in the early Qing Dynasty. In the first year of Yongzheng, Liuyang presented a new variety of fireworks to the court. [8] This promoted the popularity of Liuyang fireworks and firecrackers. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (1736-1795), the production technology of Liuyang fireworks became more and more mature and became the "center of Hunan firecrackers manufacturing". [9]
In short, the development of Liuyang fireworks industry in the early Qing Dynasty laid the foundation for today, and the development of Liuyang fireworks industry in the future will also play an important role in the happy life of Liuyang people. For details, see below.
Second, the modern Liuyang fireworks industry
The development of modern Liuyang fireworks is tortuous, which is also closely related to the introduction of modern ideas, the disintegration of natural economy and the deepening of semi-colonization.
With the introduction of modern ideas, the government’s attitude towards industry has changed greatly. At first, it was regarded as "strange skills and cunning", and later it was turned into encouragement and support. Liuyang fireworks, which developed before modern times, as a national enterprise, is naturally valued by local governments. Of course, Liuyang fireworks industry is profitable and profitable, which makes it coveted by many forces at home and abroad, coupled with security risks and heavy taxes, but also faces some unfavorable factors.
Fireworks are gunpowder products, and some processes such as mixing, building, making Liangzi, inserting and whipping are all related to gunpowder, so the risk factor is high. In old China, the security situation was worrying. At that time, most of the fireworks and firecrackers were scattered in small workshops. According to personal preferences, drugs, paper, semi-finished products and finished products were piled up everywhere, which was chaotic. Once a fire broke out, the consequences were unimaginable.
In fact, whether the fireworks industry is "high risk" depends not only on the industry itself, but also on the institutions that manage the industry and whether the people engaged in the industry attach importance to safety. The old government only asked for more production and more taxes, and paid no attention to safety in production. As can be seen from the Whip Explosion in Hunan compiled in 24 years of the Republic of China, there are seven chapters in the book, which involve the types and producing areas, manufacturing raw materials, manufacturing procedures, packaging, export, market research, development approaches, etc. It seems to be comprehensive and detailed, but nothing is said about safety in production.
The old government sometimes interfered with the normal operation of the fireworks industry at will. In 19 years of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang sent troops to "encircle" the Soviet area, and the output of firecrackers was blocked. The annual output dropped from more than 200,000 boxes in 6 years of the Republic of China to more than 4,000 boxes. In 21 years of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang government called firecrackers superstitious, banned production and sales, and imposed heavy taxes on finished products. After the protests of the masses and the refutation of the squire, the government was forced to take back its mandate. During the Anti-Japanese War, it was hit by the war again, and there was a period of recovery after the war. In 36 years of the Republic of China, it rose to 82,000 boxes. In 37 years of the Republic of China, the Hunan Provincial Department of Finance levied a special donation of firecrackers, which was aroused by public excitement and forced to be cancelled. The government’s influence on the output of fireworks industry is undoubtedly enormous. [10]
The people have supplemented the shortcomings of the government to a certain extent. Firecracker merchants in the county organized "Firecracker Trade Association" to manage the external production and sales of fireworks. Firecrackers in the county are all transported and sold by private blasting villages, which are divided into general, branch, generation and sub-villages. At that time, the famous explosion village was the first to promote Pei Dehou, Yuan Heli and Qian Dali. Pei Dehou’s boss is Ding Jing ‘an. Xianfeng helped his grandfather to run the firm at the end of the year and took charge of the business two years later. During the Tongzhi period, he operated fireworks and set up branches in many places. Twelve years of Tongzhi, selling land and acting as commercial capital. During Guangxu’s reign, a branch was established in Hong Kong, and Liuyang firecrackers were the first to enter overseas markets. At that time, people called him "an outstanding talent in business". [11] In 12 years of the Republic of China, exploiters made huge profits and deducted their heads; Workshop Jerry-building, shoddy, coupled with "bad prices for each other, competing to sell", resulting in Liuyang fireworks reputation, sales dropped sharply, nearly half of bankruptcy. Afterwards, the "Blasting Industry Maintenance Meeting" defined the style of firecrackers and prohibited the manufacture and purchase of inferior goods. The inferior firecrackers and inferior raw materials in more than 60 cases of inferior firecrackers were confiscated and burned, and the manufacturers were fined and the time limit was corrected. The quality of Liuyang fireworks products was restored. [12] In fact, not only modern Liuyang fireworks merchants have a strong sense of social responsibility, but also contemporary entrepreneurs. Excellent fireworks entrepreneurs are enthusiastic about their own industries and even other industries. I remember that I once heard from a well-known barber that some fireworks entrepreneurs prefer to come to their own shops for haircuts instead of going to those luxurious barber shops, and their lives are simple and economical.Treat people in harmony and friendliness. With these good qualities, they have also become a great boost to the development of fireworks in Liuyang City.
Domestic and foreign markets have also expanded each other. Products are first judged by Baozhuang to determine the quality of production, determine the price and buy them, and then packaged, printed with brand numbers, boxed and shipped abroad. For export, it is mostly transported by water, and it is transported to Hankou and other places via Xiangjiang River. "In the early years of Guangxu, Hunan merchants tried to sell Liuyang firecrackers in Shanghai and Nanyang, which was very popular and sold widely. People in Hankou Xindi and other places, seeing the profit, are competing to sell Liuyang firecrackers. [13] Firecrackers sell well in Nanyang, where there are many Chinese, while fireworks have a broad market in Europe and America, which like entertainment. After the opening of overseas markets, the sales of Liuyang fireworks further expanded.
Although the production of fireworks developed in the early modern times, in the "Hunan Industrial Records" published in the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935), there was a saying that "the production of firecrackers, according to the recent survey, has gone far backwards". [14] After the Anti-Japanese War and Civil War, the fireworks industry was in a desperate situation. However, "there is no way for mountains and rivers to be suspicious, and there is another village." The fire of Liuyang fireworks is still there, just waiting for an opportunity.
chapter two
First, the rapid development of the fireworks industry
Liuyang Fireworks has gone through several stages, such as slow recovery, decline and pause, steady development, curve development and new development.
The first is the slow awakening stage in the early days of the founding of New China. Liuyang fireworks industry has experienced years of fighting and suppression, and finally ushered in a better domestic environment. From 1950 to 1952, the fireworks industry was in a downturn for a period of time, which was mainly caused by the classification of fireworks as "feudal superstition". The policy angle restricted production, so many fireworks factories closed down and the output of fireworks decreased. At the same time, the United States launched the Korean War, the coastal ports were blocked, and foreign exports were also restricted, but the witty Liuyang businessmen were still trying to make the fireworks industry tide over the difficulties.
On October 1, 1951, Li Wenchu, the shopkeeper of Liuyang "Li Simei" explosion village, hosted a fireworks display in Beijing on the second anniversary of the National Day, which greatly encouraged Liuyang fireworks. Since then, Liuyang fireworks have appeared in every major national celebration, and local governments have also realized the huge economic and social effects of fireworks industry.
In 1953, the Hunan Provincial People’s Government adjusted the fireworks tax rate, reducing it from 30% to 20%. [15] Since then, the fireworks industry has been on the right track, with a certain expansion in output and scale. However, due to the influence of agricultural simplification, the development is slow.
In 1962, the state implemented the eight-character policy of "adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement" in the economic field, and all walks of life recovered, as did the fireworks industry. In 1962, the Liuyang County People’s Government Committee ordered the relevant departments to rectify the market, and at the same time, comprehensively inspected the production and business units in the county, eliminated nearly 10,000 boxes of inferior fireworks, and re-established the quality standards of fireworks products. Those that failed to meet the requirements were not purchased. At that time, it was still a planned economic system, and the products could not be put into the market. Failure to be purchased meant that the products could only rot at home or in factories. In this way, the frequency of shoddy industries could be reduced to a certain extent.
In 1965, Liuyang County Supply and Marketing Co., Ltd. also took the initiative to go out and apologize to the main sales ports in the country, to ensure strict control of product quality, and to eliminate the inferior firecrackers that had been shipped out. The reputation of fireworks has been restored, which shows that Liuyang has made great achievements in grass-roots management.
The development during the "Cultural Revolution" had ups and downs. Fireworks are once again listed as superstitious supplies, and the traffic is not smooth when "sports" are carried out everywhere, and foreign trade exports are also blocked, which has caused adverse effects. However, the production of fireworks did not stop, because the fireworks enterprises were also called "social team enterprises" at that time, and most of them were scattered in rural areas, and the impact was less than that in cities. In addition, the poor management of state-owned enterprises during this period resulted in a large backlog of raw materials, which led to the relatively cheap prices of raw materials for fireworks production, such as paper and gunpowder, and provided some conditions for fireworks production. By 1971, the output exceeded the highest level in history, reaching 274,700 cases; By 1978, the output reached 429,500 cases, exceeding the historical highest annual output of 71.8%.
In 1978, with the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, the external conditions of Liuyang fireworks industry gradually improved. As the demand for raw materials such as home-made paper, potassium chlorate and potassium nitrate increased day by day, transportation from outside could not meet the requirements, so the localization and intensification of the industry were accelerated. So it also promoted the development of other related industries in Liuyang, such as paper industry and chemical industry. By 1987, the above-mentioned intermediate industries had grown to nearly 100, with an output value of nearly 50 million yuan and an annual tax revenue of nearly 4 million yuan. [17]
In 2011, there were 3,909 fireworks production enterprises in China, 1,982 in Hunan and 946 in Liuyang, accounting for 24.2% of the whole country and 47.7% of the whole province respectively. Liuyang fireworks account for 70% of the national production capacity, including 283 fireworks production enterprises with export qualifications and 926 fireworks raw materials enterprises. There are nearly 400,000 employees. Liuyang Fireworks has become a world-renowned cultural brand, and its products are exported to Europe and America.
Second, the new situation of fireworks development
As mentioned earlier, The Whip Explosion in Hunan, written during the Republic of China, made no mention of safety in production, which showed that the old government did not cherish people’s lives and property. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Party and the government paid great attention to people’s livelihood and safety in production. Safety measures have been continuously strengthened, safety policies have been continuously introduced, and responsibility has been investigated in one step, making every effort to promote Liuyang fireworks production to a healthy development path.
In fact, it is understandable that we attach importance to safety and protect the bad environment, but when it comes to "danger", it is also inappropriate to ban it. There are many industries in the world today, such as electric power, construction, chemical industry, mining and so on, which belong to "high-risk industries". Accidents often occur, but none of them stop working normally. Traffic accidents can’t ban people from riding cars, and mine accidents can’t stop mining. Similarly, it is unwise for me to ban fireworks production because of accidents. As a part of Chinese excellent traditional culture, with the improvement of people’s living standards and the increase of festival activities, the art of fireworks has attracted more and more public attention and attention. The fireworks industry has provided more employment for Liuyang people and created more joy for the people of the world.
In addition to safe production, the environmental pollution caused by fireworks is also a new problem that people often mention in recent years, but in fact, the pollution caused by fireworks is almost insignificant compared with chemical pollution and automobile exhaust. According to the monitoring data of Hunan Environmental Monitoring Center Station, among the air quality indicators in Liuyang in the first half of 2020, six pollutants, namely PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone, all reached the standard, and the excellent rate of air quality reached 100%. As the main producing area of fireworks, Liuyang’s environmental quality is even better than other parts of the country, which further demonstrates the unscientific nature of excessively restricting the natural development of fireworks industry.
In the past, the fireworks culture was closely linked with the China New Year culture. The rich will set off fireworks in the new year; And the poor will buy at least a few firecrackers for the festive atmosphere of the New Year. Nowadays, with the restrictions on fireworks and firecrackers in some areas, the correlation between fireworks culture and China New Year culture has been weakened, which is also a kind of destruction to the integrity of Chinese culture.
In a word, although there are many problems in Liuyang fireworks industry, we must treat the problems scientifically and rationally, which is the only way to make the fireworks industry develop healthily.
Third, the establishment of brand effect
After the reform and opening up, the planned economy led by the government has gradually changed to a commodity economy led by the market. The market competition has suddenly intensified, and Liuyang needs to re-attach importance to the establishment of the brand effect of "Liuyang Fireworks". In addition to improving production techniques to make colors brighter, shapes more diverse, safety more reliable, and packaging more exquisite, Liuyang also founded the "Liuyang International Fireworks Festival in China" with great innovative consciousness. Fireworks Festival not only displays fireworks, but also shows the latest achievements of Liuyang fireworks research and development to all walks of life at home and abroad, and also carries out a series of activities such as exhibitions, economic and trade negotiations, and cultural performances.
At the same time, it also organizes enterprises to set up commercial guilds according to market requirements, and sizes up the situation to carry out listing activities. On July 31, 2001, the fireworks stock issued by Liuyang Fireworks Co., Ltd. was officially listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. In 2002, the city produced 17.63 million boxes of fireworks, with an output value of 2.258 billion yuan. From 1988 to 2004, the output of Liuyang fireworks increased from 1,571,338 boxes to 12,115,000 boxes, an increase of 14.8 times. Fireworks have really become the pillar industry of Liuyang. [18]
Fourth, the impact on the lives of local people
Since ancient times, the rise and fall of fireworks industry has profoundly affected the people of Liuyang. Today, the fireworks industry is bigger and stronger, and its influence on local people is further deepened.
Fireworks production is a labor-intensive industry, with simple auxiliary processes and low requirements for academic qualifications and intelligence. As long as you study hard, it is easy to learn. So that it can be operated from the elderly to the children, which is an excellent way for Liuyang to solve the rural surplus labor force.
According to Liuyang County Records, in 1987, the number of employees in fireworks enterprises and their affiliated industries in the county reached 400,000, accounting for 31.66% of the total population in the same year.
The influence of fireworks industry on Liuyang people is not only reflected in the percentage of its employees in the total population of the county, but also the reasons for this percentage and the influence of this phenomenon. A proportion can show a macro impact, such as whether Liuyang’s industry is too single, etc. But for individuals in history, what we should think about is: why did everyone go to the fireworks factory to work? For this kind of phenomenon, the production and life of people near my home may give an answer.
On the street in my hometown, every household has a field, but every household has people working in the fireworks factory. I once went to see my father at the Fireworks Factory and learned about the wage level of the fireworks factory workers. A skilled and diligent fireworks factory worker can earn 200 yuan RMB one day under the condition of "three shifts", which is more than 70,000 yuan a year.
Liuyang has fully promoted the development of other industries in recent years, and the rapid development of high-tech industries in Liuyang Park is a typical example. It should be noted that although the development of fireworks industry may bring some unfavorable factors to the local area, on the whole, the advantages should outweigh the disadvantages. This can be exemplified by the increasing income and gradually happy life of Liuyang people.
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Just now, outside the window came the sound of enterprises trying to put fireworks on display. In history, this bright voice has sounded on this land countless times, and it has faced crises and survived many times. Under the influence of environmental protection and COVID-19 epidemic, Liuyang Fireworks seems to have reached a historical intersection again. How to make enterprises survive and develop in this situation has become the biggest problem that fireworks entrepreneurs need to think about, and it is also the biggest problem faced by fireworks workers. The whole Liuyang Fireworks industry is looking for a way out.
This may be the "darkest moment" of this industry. However, Liuyang fireworks industry has a long historical tradition and splendid cultural heritage, which is the source of its endless life and the fundamental help to help it tide over the difficulties. I hope and have reason to hope that Liuyang fireworks industry will get better and better!
[1] Quoted from Zeng Saifeng and Cao Youpeng: Huxiang Library, Selected Economic Historical Materials of the Republic of China in Hunan II, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 2012 edition, customs trade in Hunan, p. 305.
[2] See Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: Liuyang County Records, Beijing: China City Press, 1994, p. 2.
[3] See Han Zhongchi, editor-in-chief: Splendid Poetry and Painting in the Starry Sky, Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1st edition (October 2007), pp. 27-28.
[4] Quoted from Liuyang municipal government portal (February 24, 2020).
[5] See Xie Jianguo: A Study of Liuyang Immigration History, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 1st Edition (December 2019), p. 114.
[6] Quoted from "Administrative Geography: Topography" issued by Liuyang Municipal Bureau of Data Resources (January 10, 2019).
[7] See Sun Wenhui’s book: The Origin of Hunan Intangible Cultural Heritage: Wild Roots, Changsha: Yuelu Bookstore, 2015, p. 147.
[8] See Huxiang Library Editorial and Publishing Committee, Xingrong Gu et al.: History of Hunan Science and Technology, Hunan Science and Technology Press, 2009, p. 993.
[9] Quoted from Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: "Liuyang County Records", Beijing: China City Press, 1994 edition, firecrackers, fireworks, chapter 1, section 1, p. 555.
[10] See Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: Liuyang County Records, Beijing: China City Press, 1994, p. 55.
[11] See Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: Liuyang County Records, Beijing: China City Press, 1994, p. 566.
[12] See Zi Zeng Sai Feng and Cao Youpeng: Huxiang Library, Selected Economic Historical Materials of the Republic of Hunan II, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 2012 edition, Whip Explosion of Hunan, p. 618.
[13] See Zhu Xinong and Zhu Baoxun, ed. "Industrial Records of Hunan Province", Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 2008, p. 1130.
[14] See Zhu Xinong and Zhu Baoxun, ed. "Industrial Records of Hunan Province", Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 2008, p. 1160.
[15] Song Yiwen and Wei Ping’s Hunan Fireworks, Changsha: Hunan People’s Publishing House, 2009, p. 45.
[16] See Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: Liuyang County Records, Beijing: China City Press, 1994, p. 555.
[17] See Liuyang Local Records Editorial Committee of Hunan Province: Liuyang County Records, Beijing: China City Press, 1994, p. 557.
[18] See editor-in-chief of Liuyang Firecrackers and Fireworks Administration: "Fireworks and Firecrackers Records of Liuyang City, Hunan Province", 2006 edition, p. 26.
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