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　　With the development of the epidemic in Covid-19, the public’s concern and concern about the wild animals around them are also increasing.

　　Recently, Minhang platform, a hotline for greening city appearance in Shanghai, received a call from the public: "Oh, there are bats in my house, what should I do?" Will it infect the virus? "

　　After receiving the call, Minhang District Yebao Station and the town Yebao Department immediately rushed to the scene for disposal. After all the partitions in the kitchen ceiling were removed, traces of bat habitation and a large amount of feces were found, but no living bats were found. In order to alleviate the public’s concerns, the disposal personnel disinfected the indoor environment.

　　I learned from the news that this Spring Festival, the Shanghai Wild Insurance Department is very busy. On the 10th day of the first month alone, the staff of Minhang District Wildlife Protection and Management Station dispatched six times, all of which came to the door to drive away the wintering bats that residents saw around their homes.

　　Image source: People’s Political Consultative Conference Daily

　　Bats were given a "bad name" because of an epidemic in novel coronavirus. It seems that people’s worries are not just bats. Now, how on earth should we get along with wild animals?

　　Wild animals can coexist peacefully with people.

　　Australia, far away from the ocean, has also attracted much attention because of "bats".

　　The flying fruit bats make the residents of Ingham town very uneasy, and the number of these fruit bats has even exceeded the number of local residents.

　　Why do bats stay in cities?

　　"Behind people’s surprise and incomprehension of bats in cities, there is actually a misunderstanding of urban ecosystems. In our work, we found that in a reasonably planned city, the types and quantities of urban animals far exceed the imagination of ordinary citizens. " Wang Fang, a researcher at the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, has been observing and tracking the wild animals in the city. He believes that bats have actually found an niche in the city that does not interfere with humans.

　　For example, in Qingpu, Shanghai, the insects around the city’s rivers and lakes provide it with enough protein food, and the warm climate in the city reduces their mortality in winter, while the cracks in urban buildings are like cracks in wild rock walls, which can be used to inhabit. The adaptation of bats to the urban environment actually represents the possibility of the coexistence of wild animals and people.

　　Seeing bats blindly panics. Under the current epidemic cloud, this may be a common concern of many people. In Wang Fang’s view, "in fact, the differences in morphology and habits between bats are simply heaven and earth, and whether or not they carry viruses and what kinds of viruses they carry are also very different."

　　"The distribution area of Covid-19’s potential natural reservoir Jutoubat is in various mountainous areas. The key to their survival is to find caves as habitats and not to enter the Shanghai urban area. Even if it is a chrysanthemum bat, not every individual has the original virus of Covid-19, and the proportion of individuals carrying the virus is very low. " Wang Fang reminded people to stay calm when they found bats.

　　Shanghai wildlife protection management department also gave a suggestion: "Bats are in hibernation, so it is best not to disturb them."

　　If bats are found in their homes, it is not recommended for the public to catch them themselves; You can ask the local wildlife department to expel them and help clean and disinfect the environment. After expulsion, self-block holes or pipes to prevent bats from entering again.

　　What about stray animals? Is it safe?

　　The epidemic continues, and what is more closely related to people is whether the stray animals outside are not safe. Do you want to "clean up" wild animals?

　　At present, there is no evidence that cats and dogs will be infected with the new coronavirus, but there is no evidence that cats and dogs will not be infected with the new coronavirus.

　　The popular science article of the shell team pointed out that unlike domestic, immune and controllable pets, the stray animals without owners outside are immune and uncontrollable, so the risk is relatively large.

　　Professionals suggest that from the perspective of epidemic prevention, the public should avoid contact with stray animals at this stage, "whether the animals are dead or alive."

　　We should know that stray cats and dogs are not a healthy part of the wild ecosystem, and many animal protectors also take this opportunity to advocate that the stray animal population should be controlled for the purpose of improving the overall animal welfare and avoiding causing greater damage to the fragile ecosystem around.

　　Why not clean up the wild animals? The article on the shell emphasizes that stray and scattered cats and dogs have more contact with humans than wild animals; Secondly, the world belongs not only to human beings and livestock raised by human beings, but also to "aborigines" such as wild animals and plants. A healthy ecosystem composed of wild animals and plants is also very important for the long-term development of human beings.

　　"The most important thing is that the virus that caused the epidemic was not spread by wild animals actively, but was actively infected by human poaching, slaughtering and eating them."

　　Let’s take bats for example. In fact, like most wild animals, it is also avoiding contact with humans. As long as it is left alone, it is not only harmless but also very beneficial. It plays a vital role in the biological chain. In this case, what we can do is to be safe, not to disturb each other, to reduce contact with bats, and not to eat bats.

　　Love it and leave it in nature.

　　In fact, there is still a long way to go to establish such an idea of not disturbing wild animals and not having close contact with them.

　　Just last year, our reporter reported on wild animals, and we noticed that there are more and more young people raising and buying and selling "alternative pets" whether in the market of flowers, birds, fish and insects or on the Internet.

　　The popularity of "exotic pets" has broken the traditional pet pattern with cats, dogs and ornamental fish as the mainstay. However, many "exotic pets" actually come from wild or artificially bred offspring of wild provenances, and some come from other countries and regions, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

　　Experts remind that "different pets" can be raised without wanting to raise them. In the "exotic pet" trade, animal welfare is not guaranteed and species protection is threatened. For people, there are many health risks and high illegal risks.

　　In the interview, Guo Jinghui, the exotic pet project manager of the World Animal Protection Association, told this reporter that from a biological point of view, wild animals are still wild animals even if they can be farmed artificially. They have not evolved and formed genetic characteristics suitable for artificial breeding, which is also the essential difference between wild animals and domestic animals.

　　"Although wild animals can be successfully raised by humans, their nature and habits determine that they are not suitable for keeping as pets."

　　We therefore appeal to the public not to capture, buy or raise wild animals as pets.

　　In addition to the topic of "exotic pets", we also noticed that indoor zoos are introduced into many city shopping centers now, and the main people are in close contact with animals. In the semi-closed enclosure, the raccoon paced back and forth, and the auricular fox curled up in the corner.

　　"Wild animals need an open environment in the wild and interaction between groups. Even some large zoos in China can’t meet the needs of these wild animals, not to mention indoor shopping malls that don’t touch the ground all day and are difficult to see the sun." Zheng Yuru, wildlife project manager of the World Animal Protection Association, said.

　　In fact, there is a certain two-way risk when people are in close contact with wild animals. "Wild animals will have zoonotic pathogens in crowded shopping malls. In the design of global zoos, there is not much experience to deal with the pollution problem of indoor zoos." Zheng Yu said.

　　The best way to express your love for wild animals is not to keep them for yourself, but to leave them in the wild habitat.

　　"The best solution is to let wild animals live in the wild, and choose ‘ Animal-friendly ’ Travel mode, long-distance observation of animals, avoiding direct contact, not disturbing, not hurting. "

　　I hope that such a simple wish will be achieved as soon as possible after the epidemic.

　　Love is an addiction. When love can be responded, harmless and appropriate, it is a positive addiction; When a person’s feelings about love are wrong, harmful, unresponsive or rejected, it is a disastrous negative addiction.

　　Love is so sweet and scary. People who fall in love may never think that the most wonderful feeling that human beings can experience has a very subtle similarity with drugs that people smell and turn pale.

　　As a matter of fact, scientists have found a lot of interesting and distinct evidence about the argument that "love is poisonous" by scanning the brains of men and women in love.

　　It will be addictive and relapse.

　　Because this series of characteristics that often accompany love are related to all addictions, some psychologists begin to believe that romantic love may evolve into addiction.

　　First of all, men and women who are carried away are eager to combine with their partners from soul to body, which is the core component of all addictions; When lovers think of their partners, they will feel a burst of ecstasy, which is a form of "intoxication" in addiction.

　　With the establishment of obsession, lovers will seek more and more interaction with their partners, which is called "reinforcement" in addiction research literature; They also think endlessly about their partners, which is a form of "invasive thinking" and the basis of drug dependence.

　　People in love will also distort reality and change their priorities and daily habits to match their partners; They often do inappropriate, dangerous or extreme things to keep in touch with their partners or impress them.

　　Even a person’s personality may change, which is called "emotional disorder". Many people who are madly in love are willing to sacrifice for their sweetheart, just as addicts feel pain when they can’t get drugs, and people feel "separation anxiety" when they are forced to separate from their lovers.

　　Trouble really begins when you are abandoned by your lover. Most abandoned men and women will show the common characteristics of withdrawal reaction, including protest, crying for no reason, burnout, anxiety, sleep disorder (too much or too little sleep), loss of appetite or overeating, irritability and so on.

　　People in love will "relapse" like addicts. Even long after the end of the relationship, events, people, places, songs or other external clues related to the old love can stimulate memories, which will trigger a new round of longing, invasive thinking and compulsive connection.

　　Primitive and basic motivation

　　Neuroscientists compared the brains of subjects who were enjoying love with those of addicts who had just injected cocaine or opium and were in a state of euphoria, and found that many of the same areas in the reward system of both brains were activated.

　　Many years ago, neuroscientists conducted special research, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe what happens in people’s brains when they are deeply in love and crazy about it.

　　First of all, volunteers in love have to complete two different tasks, one is to stare at the photo of their lover, the other is to look at the photo of a person who does not show positive or negative emotions, and at the same time collect data on brain activity.

　　Next, on the screen in front of the researchers, a large number of light spots show the violent activity of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) — — VTA is a small factory at the bottom of the brain, which is responsible for making dopamine and sending this natural stimulant to many brain regions.

　　During the test, there are many other areas in the brain, but VTA is particularly important. It is a part of the reward system, which can stimulate desire, search, desire, energy, concentration and motivation. No wonder lovers can stay up all night and talk. No wonder they become so absent-minded, so cheerful, so optimistic, so sociable and so energetic. Because they are in a natural state of excitement.

　　VTA is close to the primitive brain area related to hunger and thirst, so love is a basic driving force of human beings, and can even be regarded as a survival mechanism, as important as people’s desire for food and water. This driving force, this survival mechanism, is also an addiction.

　　Passion and anger are interlinked.

　　Like all addictions, love can ruin life, especially when a person is abandoned.

　　The experiment also recruited newly lovelorn people to undergo brain scans. The data shows that abandoned lovers are still madly in love and deeply attached to their ungrateful partners. They are suffering from physical and mental pain. They are like rats on a treadmill, indulging in what they have lost. They are even eager to get back together with ungrateful partners, just like the performance of addiction withdrawal.

　　This trajectory of abandonment and recovery has a fixed pattern: in the first stage, that is, the protest stage, abandoned lovers try their best to regain the love of unfaithful partners. Subsequently, the stage of "obedience/despair" begins, and lovers give up hope and fall into pain and despair.

　　These two stages are related to the dopamine system in the brain. When lovers encounter obstacles, their passion is even stronger — — This is "attraction frustration".

　　Frustration strengthens the feeling of love. This phenomenon is rooted in the brain. If an upcoming reward is delayed, neurons in the dopamine system of the brain will continue to be active, which maintains a person’s feeling of strong love.

　　Stress will enhance this dopamine response. Even if the abandoned party shows sympathy when they break up and continues to perform their responsibilities as friends or children together, many abandoned people still swing back and forth between heartbreak and rage — — There is also a neural connection in this reaction.

　　In fact, romantic passion and abandoned anger have a lot in common. Both of them are related to physical and mental arousal; Will lead to over-thinking, make people concentrate, strengthen motivation and goal-oriented behavior; Both of them will arouse a strong desire, either to get back together with an ungrateful partner or to get revenge.

　　The experience of love and anger can coexist.

　　Ah, that desperate puppy

　　Since love and anger will compete with each other and strengthen a person’s abandonment addiction, then we must have inherited this protest response, because it comes from a basic physiological mechanism of mammals, and as long as any form of social contact is damaged, this mechanism will be stimulated.

　　Take the puppy as an example. If the puppy is taken away from its mother and left alone in the kitchen, it will immediately start running, frantically pouncing on the door, barking and sobbing in protest. Separated young rats will also constantly make calls with ultrasonic waves, and they can hardly fall asleep because the brain arouses them too strongly.

　　The purpose of this kind of protest is to raise vigilance and urge abandoned individuals to object, seek and ask for help. Protest, stress response, frustration attraction, abandonment of anger, desire, withdrawal symptoms … … All this plays a role in crimes caused by love all over the world.

　　Like all addictions, love can lead to violence. However, abandoned lovers will eventually give up. They stopped pursuing their old love and entered the second stage of abandonment: compromise/despair. At this stage, the abandoned party feels tired, depressed, sad and depressed, which is the so-called "desperate reaction".

　　Of course, most abandoned people have already felt this kind of sadness in the previous protest stage, but with all hopes dashed, the feeling of sadness is likely to increase. This despair is related to multiple brain neural networks; However, the dopamine circuit is most likely involved.

　　No one can escape this addiction.

　　As abandoned lovers begin to believe that rewards will never come again, dopamine-producing cells in the reward system will reduce their activities, which leads to burnout, depression and depression. Short-term stress will promote the production of dopamine and norepinephrine, while long-term stress will suppress the activities of these neurochemicals and cause depression.

　　Many professionals define addiction as a pathological and problematic disorder. However, because love is a positive experience in many cases (that is, harmless), most researchers are still reluctant to formally list love as an addiction.

　　However, in terms of behavior patterns and brain mechanisms, love addiction is as real as any other addiction. Even when love is not harmful, it is also related to strong desire and anxiety, and can urge lovers to believe or do dangerous or inappropriate behaviors.

　　Even, some of the activated reward pathways in lovestruck or abandoned men and women can be activated by other addictive substances, such as alcohol, opium, cocaine, amphetamines, marijuana and tobacco (as well as non-material addictions, such as eating addiction and gambling addiction).

　　However, other addictions only affect a small part of the population, while love is not. Almost everyone will encounter this kind of love addiction at some stage in his life. The brain system related to dopamine, vasopressin, oxytocin and other neurochemicals plays this "painful and enjoyable" symphony of life together. (comprehensive /Levy)